C# Read String From Public Partial Class

Like syntax in both figurer languages

This is a list of operators in the C and C++ programming languages. All the operators listed exist in C++; the column "Included in C", states whether an operator is also present in C. Annotation that C does not support operator overloading.

When not overloaded, for the operators &&, ||, and , (the comma operator), there is a sequence point after the evaluation of the get-go operand.

C++ also contains the type conversion operators const_cast, static_cast, dynamic_cast, and reinterpret_cast. The formatting of these operators means that their precedence level is unimportant.

Nearly of the operators available in C and C++ are also available in other C-family languages such as C#, D, Java, Perl, and PHP with the same precedence, associativity, and semantics.

Table [edit]

For the purposes of these tables, a, b, and c stand for valid values (literals, values from variables, or render value), object names, or lvalues, as appropriate. R, S and T correspond any blazon(south), and Yard for a class blazon or enumerated type.

Arithmetic operators [edit]

All arithmetic operators exist in C and C++ and can be overloaded in C++.

Operator proper name		Syntax	C++ image examples
Operator proper name		Syntax	As member of K	Outside grade definitions
Addition		`a + b`	`R K :: operator + ( S b );`	`R operator + ( K a , S b );`
Subtraction		`a - b`	`R One thousand :: operator - ( S b );`	`R operator - ( K a , Due south b );`
Unary plus (integer promotion)		`+a`	`R Grand :: operator + ();`	`R operator + ( 1000 a );`
Unary minus (condiment inverse)		`-a`	`R K :: operator - ();`	`R operator - ( Yard a );`
Multiplication		`a * b`	`R K :: operator * ( S b );`	`R operator * ( K a , S b );`
Division		`a / b`	`R K :: operator / ( South b );`	`R operator / ( Yard a , S b );`
Modulo (integer remainder)^[a]		`a % b`	`R K :: operator % ( S b );`	`R operator % ( K a , S b );`
Increase	Prefix	`++a`	`R & K :: operator ++ ();`	`R & operator ++ ( One thousand & a );`
	Postfix	`a++`	`R K :: operator ++ ( int );`	`R operator ++ ( K & a , int );`
	Postfix	`a++`	Note: C++ uses the unnamed dummy-parameter `int` to differentiate between prefix and postfix increment operators.
Decrement	Prefix	`--a`	`R & K :: operator -- ();`	`R & operator -- ( K & a );`
	Postfix	`a--`	`R K :: operator -- ( int );`	`R operator -- ( 1000 & a , int );`
	Postfix	`a--`	Notation: C++ uses the unnamed dummy-parameter `int` to differentiate between prefix and postfix decrement operators.

Comparison operators/relational operators [edit]

All comparison operators tin can be overloaded in C++.

Operator name	Syntax	Included in C	Image examples
Operator name	Syntax	Included in C	Equally member of K	Outside form definitions
Equal to	`a == b`	Aye	`bool Grand :: operator == ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator == ( Yard const & a , Southward const & b );
Not equal to	`a != b` `a not_eq b` ^[b]	Aye	`bool K :: operator != ( Due south const & b ) const ;`	bool operator != ( K const & a , S const & b );
Greater than	`a > b`	Yes	`bool K :: operator > ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator > ( K const & a , S const & b );
Less than	`a < b`	Yes	`bool K :: operator < ( South const & b ) const ;`	bool operator < ( K const & a , Due south const & b );
Greater than or equal to	`a >= b`	Yes	`bool K :: operator >= ( Southward const & b ) const ;`	bool operator >= ( M const & a , Due south const & b );
Less than or equal to	`a <= b`	Aye	`bool 1000 :: operator <= ( Due south const & b ) const ;`	bool operator <= ( K const & a , S const & b );
Three-style comparing^[c]	`a <=> b`	No	`auto Grand :: operator <=> ( const Due south & b );`	auto operator <=> ( const K & a , const S & b );
Three-style comparing^[c]	`a <=> b`	No	The operator has a total of 3 possible return types: `std::weak_ordering`, `std::strong_ordering` and `std::partial_ordering` to which they all are convertible to.

Logical operators [edit]

All logical operators exist in C and C++ and tin can be overloaded in C++, albeit the overloading of the logical AND and logical OR is discouraged, considering as overloaded operators they acquit as ordinary function calls, which means that both of their operands are evaluated, so they lose their well-used and expected short-excursion evaluation property.^[ane]

Operator name	Syntax	C++ prototype examples
Operator name	Syntax	Every bit member of K	Outside class definitions
Logical negation (Non)	`!a` `not a` ^[b]	`bool K :: operator ! ();`	`bool operator ! ( 1000 a );`
Logical AND	`a && b` `a and b` ^[b]	`bool K :: operator && ( S b );`	`bool operator && ( K a , Due south b );`
Logical OR	`a \|\| b` `a or b` ^[b]	`bool Thou :: operator \|\| ( S b );`	`bool operator \|\| ( Yard a , S b );`

Bitwise operators [edit]

All bitwise operators exist in C and C++ and tin exist overloaded in C++.

Operator proper name	Syntax	Prototype examples
Operator proper name	Syntax	Equally fellow member of Chiliad	Exterior class definitions
Bitwise Non	`~a` `compl a` ^[b]	`R K :: operator ~ ();`	`R operator ~ ( Yard a );`
Bitwise AND	`a & b` `a bitand b` ^[b]	`R Yard :: operator & ( Southward b );`	`R operator & ( K a , S b );`
Bitwise OR	`a \| b` `a bitor b` ^[b]	`R 1000 :: operator \| ( S b );`	`R operator \| ( K a , S b );`
Bitwise XOR	`a ^ b` `a xor b` ^[b]	`R Thou :: operator ^ ( S b );`	`R operator ^ ( One thousand a , Southward b );`
Bitwise left shift^[d]	`a << b`	`R K :: operator << ( South b );`	`R operator << ( Grand a , S b );`
Bitwise correct shift^[d] ^[e]	`a >> b`	`R K :: operator >> ( South b );`	`R operator >> ( K a , Due south b );`

Assignment operators [edit]

All assignment expressions exist in C and C++ and can be overloaded in C++.

For the given operators the semantic of the built-in combined assignment expression a ⊚= b is equivalent to a = a ⊚ b, except that a is evaluated only in one case.

Operator name	Syntax	C++ epitome examples
Operator name	Syntax	Equally member of K	Outside class definitions
Straight consignment	`a = b`	`R & K :: operator = ( S b );`	North/A
Addition assignment	`a += b`	`R & Yard :: operator += ( Southward b );`	`R & operator += ( K & a , S b );`
Subtraction consignment	`a -= b`	`R & K :: operator -= ( S b );`	`R & operator -= ( Chiliad & a , S b );`
Multiplication consignment	`a *= b`	`R & K :: operator *= ( S b );`	`R & operator *= ( K & a , S b );`
Division consignment	`a /= b`	`R & M :: operator /= ( S b );`	`R & operator /= ( 1000 & a , S b );`
Modulo consignment	`a %= b`	`R & K :: operator %= ( S b );`	`R & operator %= ( K & a , Due south b );`
Bitwise AND assignment	`a &= b` `a and_eq b` ^[b]	`R & Chiliad :: operator &= ( S b );`	`R & operator &= ( K & a , Southward b );`
Bitwise OR consignment	`a \|= b` `a or_eq b` ^[b]	`R & Thousand :: operator \|= ( Southward b );`	`R & operator \|= ( K & a , S b );`
Bitwise XOR assignment	`a ^= b` `a xor_eq b` ^[b]	`R & K :: operator ^= ( S b );`	`R & operator ^= ( One thousand & a , S b );`
Bitwise left shift assignment	`a <<= b`	`R & K :: operator <<= ( S b );`	`R & operator <<= ( K & a , S b );`
Bitwise right shift assignment^[e]	`a >>= b`	`R & K :: operator >>= ( S b );`	`R & operator >>= ( Chiliad & a , S b );`

Member and pointer operators [edit]

Operator proper noun	Syntax	Can overload in C++	Included in C	C++ prototype examples
Operator proper noun	Syntax	Can overload in C++	Included in C	As member of G	Exterior course definitions
Subscript	`a[b]`	Yes	Yes	`R & K :: operator []( S b );`	Due north/A
Indirection ("object pointed to by a")	`*a`	Yes	Yes	`R & One thousand :: operator * ();`	`R & operator * ( Thou a );`
Address-of ("address of a")	`&a`	Yep	Yes	`R * Grand :: operator & ();`	`R * operator & ( One thousand a );`
Structure dereference ("member b of object pointed to by a")	`a->b`	Yes	Yes	`R * K :: operator -> ();` ^[f]	N/A
Construction reference ("fellow member b of object a")	`a.b`	No	Yes	Due north/A
Member selected by arrow-to-member b of object pointed to past a ^[g]	`a->*b`	Yes	No	`R & Yard :: operator ->* ( S b );`	`R & operator ->* ( K a , Southward b );`
Member of object a selected past pointer-to-fellow member b	`a.*b`	No	No	Northward/A

Other operators [edit]

Operator name	Syntax	Can overload in C++	Included in C	Prototype examples
Operator name	Syntax	Can overload in C++	Included in C	As member of G	Outside form definitions
Function phone call See Role object.	`a(a1, a2)`	Yes	Yes	`R K::operator ()( S a , T b , ...);`	North/A
Comma	`a, b`	Yes	Yes	`R K :: operator ,( Southward b );`	`R operator ,( Thou a , S b );`
Ternary conditional	`a ? b : c`	No	Aye	N/A
Scope resolution	`a::b`	No	No	Northward/A
User-defined literals^[h] since C++eleven	`"a"_b`	Yes	No	N/A	`R operator "" _b ( T a )`
Sizeof	`sizeof(a)` ^[i] `sizeof(type)`	No	Yes	Due north/A
Size of parameter pack since C++11	`sizeof...(Args)`	No	No	North/A
Alignof since C++11	`alignof(blazon)` or `_Alignof(type)` ^[j]	No	Yep	N/A
Type identification	`typeid(a)` `typeid(blazon)`	No	No	Northward/A
Conversion (C-fashion bandage)	`(type)a`	Yep	Yes	`Chiliad :: operator R ();` ^[3]	N/A
Conversion	`blazon(a)`	No	No	Note: behaves like const_cast/static_cast/reinterpret_cast^[4]
static_cast conversion	`static_cast<type>(a)`	Yes	No	`K :: operator R ();` `explicit K :: operator R ();` since C++11	N/A
static_cast conversion	`static_cast<type>(a)`	Yes	No	Note: for user-defined conversions, the return type implicitly and necessarily matches the operator proper noun.
dynamic bandage conversion	`dynamic_cast<type>(a)`	No	No	Due north/A
const_cast conversion	`const_cast<type>(a)`	No	No	N/A
reinterpret_cast conversion	`reinterpret_cast<type>(a)`	No	No	N/A
Classify storage	`new type`	Aye	No	`void * K :: operator new ( size_t 10 );`	`void * operator new ( size_t x );`
Allocate storage (array)	`new blazon [north]`	Yes	No	`void * K :: operator new []( size_t a );`	`void * operator new []( size_t a );`
Deallocate storage	`delete a`	Yes	No	`void Yard :: operator delete ( void * a );`	`void operator delete ( void * a );`
Deallocate storage (array)	`delete[] a`	Yes	No	`void Thousand :: operator delete []( void * a );`	`void operator delete []( void * a );`
Exception check since C++11	`noexcept(a)`	No	No	N/A

Notes:

^ The modulus operator works just with integer operands, for floating point numbers a library part must exist used instead (like fmod ).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^{due east} ^f ^thousand ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Requires iso646.h in C. Come across C++ operator synonyms
^ Near C++twenty iii-manner comparing
^ ^a ^b In the context of iostreams, writers often will refer to << and >> as the "put-to" or "stream insertion" and "get-from" or "stream extraction" operators, respectively.
^ ^a ^b According to the C99 standard, the right shift of a negative number is implementation defined. Most implementations, e.grand., the GCC,^[2] employ an arithmetic shift (i.e., sign extension), but a logical shift is possible.
^ The render type of operator -> () must exist a type for which the -> operation tin can be applied, such equally a pointer blazon. If x is of type C where C overloads operator -> () , x -> y gets expanded to 10 . operator -> () -> y .
^ Meyers, Scott (October 1999), "Implementing operator->* for Smart Pointers" (PDF), Dr. Dobb's Journal, Aristeia .
^ About C++11 User-defined literals
^ The parentheses are not necessary when taking the size of a value, only when taking the size of a type. Nevertheless, they are usually used regardless.
^ C++ defines alignof operator, whereas C defines _Alignof. Both operators accept the same semantics.

Operator precedence [edit]

The following is a table that lists the precedence and associativity of all the operators in the C and C++ languages. Operators are listed top to bottom, in descending precedence. Descending precedence refers to the priority of the grouping of operators and operands. Considering an expression, an operator which is listed on some row will be grouped prior to any operator that is listed on a row further beneath it. Operators that are in the same cell (in that location may exist several rows of operators listed in a cell) are grouped with the same precedence, in the given direction. An operator's precedence is unaffected by overloading.

The syntax of expressions in C and C++ is specified by a phrase structure grammer.^[5] The tabular array given here has been inferred from the grammar.^{[ citation needed ]} For the ISO C 1999 standard, section half dozen.5.half dozen annotation 71 states that the C grammar provided by the specification defines the precedence of the C operators, and also states that the operator precedence resulting from the grammar closely follows the specification's section ordering:

"The [C] syntax [i.e., grammar] specifies the precedence of operators in the evaluation of an expression, which is the same as the order of the major subclauses of this subclause, highest precedence first."^{[half dozen]}

A precedence table, while mostly adequate, cannot resolve a few details. In particular, annotation that the ternary operator allows any arbitrary expression every bit its middle operand, despite beingness listed equally having higher precedence than the assignment and comma operators. Thus a ? b, c : d is interpreted equally a ? (b, c) : d, and not as the meaningless (a ? b), (c : d). So, the expression in the middle of the conditional operator (between ? and : ) is parsed as if parenthesized. Also, note that the firsthand, unparenthesized result of a C cast expression cannot be the operand of sizeof. Therefore, sizeof (int) * 10 is interpreted as (sizeof(int)) * x and not sizeof ((int) * ten).

Precedence	Operator	Description	Associativity
i highest	`::`	Scope resolution (C++ only)	None
ii	`++`	Postfix increment	Left-to-right
	`--`	Postfix decrement
	`()`	Function call
	`[]`	Array subscripting
	`.`	Element option by reference
	`->`	Chemical element selection through pointer
	`typeid()`	Run-fourth dimension blazon information (C++ but) (see typeid)
	`const_cast`	Type bandage (C++ only) (see const_cast)
	`dynamic_cast`	Type bandage (C++ only) (meet dynamic bandage)
	`reinterpret_cast`	Type cast (C++ only) (see reinterpret_cast)
	`static_cast`	Type bandage (C++ only) (see static_cast)
3	`++`	Prefix increment	Correct-to-left
	`--`	Prefix decrement
	`+`	Unary plus
	`-`	Unary minus
	`!`	Logical NOT
	`~`	Bitwise NOT (I'due south Complement)
	`(type)`	Blazon cast
	`*`	Indirection (dereference)
	`&`	Address-of
	`sizeof`	Sizeof
	`_Alignof`	Alignment requirement (since C11)
	`new`, `new[]`	Dynamic memory allocation (C++ merely)
	`delete`, `delete[]`	Dynamic memory deallocation (C++ simply)
four	`.*`	Pointer to fellow member (C++ only)	Left-to-right
four	`->*`	Pointer to member (C++ just)	Left-to-right
5	`*`	Multiplication	Left-to-correct
	`/`	Partition
	`%`	Modulo (remainder)
6	`+`	Addition	Left-to-correct
6	`-`	Subtraction	Left-to-correct
7	`<<`	Bitwise left shift	Left-to-right
7	`>>`	Bitwise right shift	Left-to-right
8	`<=>`	Three-way comparison (Introduced in C++20 - C++ only)	Left-to-right
9	`<`	Less than	Left-to-right
	`<=`	Less than or equal to
	`>`	Greater than
	`>=`	Greater than or equal to
x	`==`	Equal to	Left-to-right
x	`!=`	Non equal to	Left-to-right
11	`&`	Bitwise AND	Left-to-right
12	`^`	Bitwise XOR (exclusive or)	Left-to-correct
13	`\|`	Bitwise OR (inclusive or)	Left-to-right
fourteen	`&&`	Logical AND	Left-to-right
fifteen	`\|\|`	Logical OR	Left-to-right
16	`?:`	Ternary conditional (run across ?:)	Correct-to-left
	`=`	Direct assignment
	`+=`	Assignment by sum
	`-=`	Assignment past departure
	`*=`	Assignment by production
	`/=`	Assignment by quotient
	`%=`	Assignment by rest
	`<<=`	Assignment by bitwise left shift
	`>>=`	Consignment by bitwise right shift
	`&=`	Assignment past bitwise AND
	`^=`	Assignment by bitwise XOR
	`\|=`	Assignment by bitwise OR
	`throw`	Throw operator (exceptions throwing, C++ only)
17 lowest	`,`	Comma	Left-to-correct

^[vii] ^[eight] ^[ix]

Notes [edit]

The precedence table determines the lodge of binding in chained expressions, when information technology is not expressly specified by parentheses.

For example, ++10*3 is ambiguous without some precedence rule(southward). The precedence table tells us that: x is 'bound' more tightly to ++ than to *, so that whatever ++ does (now or later on—come across below), it does it ONLY to x (and non to ten*3); information technology is equivalent to (++x, x*3).
Similarly, with iii*ten++, where though the post-fix ++ is designed to human activity Later on the entire expression is evaluated, the precedence table makes it clear that ONLY x gets incremented (and NOT 3*x). In fact, the expression (tmp=ten++, 3*tmp) is evaluated with tmp existence a temporary value. It is functionally equivalent to something like (tmp=3*x, ++x, tmp).

Abstracting the issue of precedence or binding, consider the diagram higher up for the expression 3+2*y[i]++. The compiler's job is to resolve the diagram into an expression, i in which several unary operators (call them 3+( . ), 2*( . ), ( . )++ and ( . )[ i ]) are competing to bind to y. The social club of precedence tabular array resolves the last sub-expression they each human action upon: ( . )[ i ] acts only on y, ( . )++ acts only on y[i], two*( . ) acts but on y[i]++ and three+( . ) acts 'just' on 2*((y[i])++). It is important to notation that WHAT sub-expression gets acted on past each operator is articulate from the precedence table but WHEN each operator acts is not resolved by the precedence tabular array; in this example, the ( . )++ operator acts merely on y[i] past the precedence rules simply bounden levels lone do not signal the timing of the postfix ++ (the ( . )++ operator acts simply afterwards y[i] is evaluated in the expression).

Many of the operators containing multi-character sequences are given "names" built from the operator proper name of each character. For case, += and -= are ofttimes called plus equal(southward) and minus equal(s), instead of the more verbose "assignment by addition" and "consignment by subtraction". The binding of operators in C and C++ is specified (in the corresponding Standards) by a factored linguistic communication grammar, rather than a precedence tabular array. This creates some subtle conflicts. For example, in C, the syntax for a conditional expression is:

                        logical            -            OR            -            expression                                    ?                                    expression            :                                    provisional            -            expression

while in C++ it is:

                        logical            -            OR            -            expression                                    ?                                    expression            :                                    assignment            -            expression

Hence, the expression:

is parsed differently in the two languages. In C, this expression is a syntax error, because the syntax for an assignment expression in C is:

                        unary            -            expression                                    '='                                    assignment            -            expression

In C++, information technology is parsed every bit:

                        e                                    =                                    (            a                                    <                                    d                                    ?                                    a            ++                                    :                                    (            a                                    =                                    d            ))

which is a valid expression.^[10] ^[eleven]

If you want to use comma-as-operator within a unmarried office argument, variable assignment, or other comma-separated list, you need to utilize parentheses,^[12] ^[xiii] east.thou.:

                        int                                    a                                    =                                    i            ,                                    b                                    =                                    2            ,                                    weirdVariable                                    =                                    (            ++            a            ,                                    b            ),                                    d                                    =                                    4            ;

Criticism of bitwise and equality operators precedence [edit]

The precedence of the bitwise logical operators has been criticized.^[14] Conceptually, & and | are arithmetic operators like * and +.

The expression a & b == seven is syntactically parsed as a & ( b == 7 ) whereas the expression a + b == 7 is parsed equally ( a + b ) == 7 . This requires parentheses to be used more than ofttimes than they otherwise would.

Historically, there was no syntactic distinction between the bitwise and logical operators. In BCPL, B and early C, the operators && || didn't exist. Instead & | had dissimilar meaning depending on whether they are used in a 'truth-value context' (i.e. when a Boolean value was expected, for example in if ( a == b & c ) {...} information technology behaved as a logical operator, but in c = a & b it behaved every bit a bitwise 1). It was retained and so every bit to go on astern compatibility with existing installations.^[xv]

Moreover, in C++ (and afterward versions of C) equality operations, with the exception of the three-manner comparison operator, yield bool type values which are conceptually a single flake (1 or 0) and as such do non properly vest in "bitwise" operations.

C++ operator synonyms [edit]

C++ defines^[16] certain keywords to act equally aliases for a number of operators:

Keyword	Operator
`and`	`&&`
`and_eq`	`&=`
`bitand`	`&`
`bitor`	`\|`
`compl`	`~`
`non`	`!`
`not_eq`	`!=`
`or`	`\|\|`
`or_eq`	`\|=`
`xor`	`^`
`xor_eq`	`^=`

These can be used exactly the same way as the punctuation symbols they replace, as they are non the same operator nether a dissimilar name, but rather unproblematic token replacements for the proper name (character string) of the respective operator. This ways that the expressions (a > 0 and non flag) and (a > 0 && !flag) accept identical meanings. Information technology also means that, for instance, the bitand keyword may exist used to supervene upon non only the bitwise-and operator simply too the address-of operator, and it can even be used to specify reference types (eastward.thou., int bitand ref = northward). The ISO C specification makes assart for these keywords as preprocessor macros in the header file iso646.h. For compatibility with C, C++ provides the header ciso646, the inclusion of which has no outcome.

Run into also [edit]

Bitwise operations in C
Bit manipulation
Logical operator
Boolean algebra (logic)
Table of logic symbols
Digraphs and trigraphs in C and in C++

References [edit]

^ "Standard C++".
^ "Integers implementation", GCC four.iii.iii, GNU .
^ "user-defined conversion". Retrieved 5 April 2020.
^ Explicit type conversion in C++
^ ISO/IEC 9899:201x Programming Languages - C. open-std.org – The C Standards Committee. xix Dec 2011. p. 465.
^ the ISO C 1999 standard, section 6.5.half-dozen note 71 (Technical study). ISO. 1999.
^ "C Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved sixteen July 2019.
^ "C++ Born Operators, Precedence and Associativity". docs.microsoft.com . Retrieved 11 May 2020.
^ "C++ Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 16 July 2019.
^ "C Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 10 Apr 2020.
^ "Does the C/C++ ternary operator actually have the aforementioned precedence as assignment operators?". Stack Overflow . Retrieved 22 September 2019.
^ "Other operators - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved x Apr 2020.
^ "c++ - How does the Comma Operator work". Stack Overflow . Retrieved one Apr 2020.
^ C history § Neonatal C, Bell labs .
^ "Re^10: next unless condition". www.perlmonks.org . Retrieved 23 March 2018.
^ ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) Programming Language C++. open-std.org – The C++ Standards Committee. 1 September 1998. pp. 40–41.

External links [edit]

"Operators", C++ reference (wiki) .
C Operator Precedence
Postfix Increment and Decrement Operators: ++ and -- (Developer network), Microsoft .

mcclellankinge1987.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B